Dirección de proyectos Lean

En el presente documento se aporta una visión general de la filosofía Lean, definida como una herramienta que busca disminuir los desperdicios con el fin de generar valor. Además se clarificará la definición de dicha filosofía en el sector de los proyectos. Desde el punto de vista del enfoque Lean, la gestión de proyectos, consiste en la aplicación de conceptos Lean dentro del marco de un proyecto. Con esta gestión se ofrece el soporte metodológico y práctico necesario para hacer más exitosos los proyectos. Cabe destacar que diversos especialistas han planteado este enfoque, pero no existe un estándar único respecto a qué herramientas específicas aplicar que constituyan una diferencia significativa con el enfoque tradicional de la gestión de proyectos

Review of the sustainable concept in energetic systems

Satisfacer la demanda de energía creciente se ha convertido en uno de los principales retos de la industria. Pero la configuración del mix energético con su elevado ritmo de consumo está agotando las reservas, generando graves impactos ambientales y agravando las tensiones sociales por el desequilibrio entre los países desarrollados y subdesarrollados. Es necesario establecer prioridades y encauzar las soluciones hacia las más eficientes para lo cual la industria debe evaluar sus sistemas energéticos de forma adecuada con un planteamiento estructurado que no de prioridad a ninguna fuente o recurso, sino que se lleve a cabo con una metodología universal, estándar e imparcial, que tenga en cuenta todos los impactos económicos, ambientales y sociales implicados y adaptativa a la continua evolución de los procesos energéticos y su tecnología. Con estos objetivos se desarrolla el presente trabajo, a partir de la aplicación de las metodologías de diseño axiomático e ingeniería Taguchi que posibilitan la definición del marco conceptual metodológico y los parámetros característicos necesarios que establezcan de un modo objetivo, riguroso y sistemático el pliego de características universales que debe incluir un sistema energético que quiera ser catalogado como sostenible.Energy availability in the industry has changed to the current level where the main challenge in developed countries is satisfy the growing energy demand. High rate consumption and the world’s energy mix are depleting the reserves, generating serious environmental impacts and maximizing social tensions by the imbalance between developed and underdeveloped countries. It is necessary to set priorities and to manage the situation towards the most efficient solutions; industry must evaluate its energy systems appropriately with a structured analysis which don’t prioritize any power source or resource, but it is carried out with a universal, standard and impartial methodology, taking into account all economic, environmental and social impacts and being adaptive to energy processes and technology development. Axiomatic design and Taguchi engineering, guide and structure the primary objective of this research: to establish a conceptual and methodological framework which is developed with an objective, rigorous and systematic analysis and it allow companies to class and check the best sustainable energy system

Eco‐Holonic 4.0 Circular Business Model to Conceptualize Sustainable Value Chain Towards Digital Transition

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a circular business model based on an Eco-Holonic Architecture, through the integration of circular economy and holonic principles. A conceptual model is developed to manage the complexity of integrating circular economy principles, digital transformation, and tools and frameworks for sustainability into business models. The proposed architecture is multilevel and multiscale in order to achieve the instantiation of the sustainable value chain in any territory. The architecture promotes the incorporation of circular economy and holonic principles into new circular business models. This integrated perspective of business model can support the design and upgrade of the manufacturing companies in their respective industrial sectors. The conceptual model proposed is based on activity theory that considers the interactions between technical and social systems and allows the mitigation of the metabolic rift that exists between natural and social metabolism. This study contributes to the existing literature on circular economy, circular business models and activity theory by considering holonic paradigm concerns, which have not been explored yet. This research also offers a unique holonic architecture of circular business model by considering different levels, relationships, dynamism and contextualization (territory) aspects

Teoría de la carga cognitiva aplicada a la resolución de problemas de ingeniería gráfica

La resolución de problemas en el ámbito de la expresión gráfica, persigue que el alumno, por un lado, sepa aplicar las nociones teóricas previas y por el otro, aprenda a resolverlos. El auge investigador en psicología educativa de las últi mas décadas ha resaltado la necesidad existente en la elaboración de material docente teniendo presente los procesos cognitivos asociados con el aprendizaje. La Teoría de la Carga Cognitiva (TCC) se presen ta como un marco conceptual perteneciente a las ciencias cognitivas con un elevado interés para el di- seño de actividades y situaciones de aprendizaje. Esta corriente se sitúa dentro del paradigma del procesamiento de la información, según el cual la cognición del ser humano es un “Sistema Natural de Procesamiento de Información”, permitiendo analizar los procesos asocia dos a la transformación de la información en la resolución de problemas. En este trabajo, se realiza un estudio sobre la Teoría de la Carga Cognitiva (TCC) aplicada a la resolución de un problema de expresión gráfic

Estándares certificables para la organización y gestión de las empresas de servicios profesionales de igeniería

El proceso de CERTIFICACIÓN tiene como objetivo declarar públicamente que un producto, proceso o servicio es conforme con requisitos establecidos. Las áreas de actuación de un ingeniero se pueden clasificar según el tipo de empresa en la que trabaja o en función del servicio a desarrollar. En función del tipo de empresa destacan la empresa industrial o de servicios (dirección: técnica, comercial, producción,…; proyectos: productos, instalaciones,…; organización: calidad, stocks, producción,…), la administración o empresa pública (evaluación técnica, valoraciones, proyectos, gestión,...), y el ejercicio libre (proyectos, informes técnicos, valoraciones,…). En función del trabajo a desarrollar: Dirección y gestión, Control de procesos, Comercialización de producto, I+D, Técnica (Oficina Técnica), Asesoramiento, etc. En general, una empresa de servicios profesionales de ingeniería satisface necesidades de la sociedad de la época resolviendo problemas de carácter técnico, aportando soluciones admisibles desde un punto de vista económico, ambiental y social, con el propósito de proveer una solución sostenible

Enactive manufacturing through cyber-physical systems: a step beyond cognitive manufacturing

Cognitive manufacturing, as a paradigm for providing intelligence to manufacturing systems and enabling interaction with operators presents limitations. Manufacturing system requires to be adaptive to machine tools, manufacturing environments and operators. In this line, the enactive approach to cognitive science provides a paradigm for the design of new biologically inspired cognitive architectures. Likewise, the advantages of Key Enabling Technologies and the concept of Industry 4.0 reveal new opportunities for increasing industrial innovation and developing sustainable industrial environments. These technologies are appropriated to overcome the limitations of cognitive manufacturing, because they can achieve the integration of physical and digital systems focused on cyber-physical systems. In this work, an architecture for the sustainable development of enactive manufacturing systems based on holonic paradigm is proposed and its main associated informational model is described

Occupational Safety and Health 5.0—A Model for Multilevel Strategic Deployment Aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 2030

The concept of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is evolving towards Industry 5.0 (I5.0), where the human factor is the central axis for the formation of smart cyber-physical socio-technical systems that are integrated into their physical and cultural host environment. This situation generates a new work ecosystem with a radical change in the methods, processes and development scenarios and, therefore, in the occupational risks to which safety science must respond. In this paper, a historical review of the evolution of work as a complex socio-technical system formalised through Vygostky’s theory of Activity and the contributions of safety science is carried out, for its projection in the analysis of the future of complex systems as an opportunity for safety research linked to the current labour context in transformation. Next, the Horizon 2020 strategies for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) at the European level are analysed to extract the lessons learned and extrapolate them towards the proposed model, and subsequently the conceptual frameworks that are transforming work and Occupational Risk Prevention (ORP) in the transition to Industry 4.0 are identified and reviewed. Finally, a model is formulated that formalises the deployment of public policies and multi-level and multi-scale OSH 5.0 strategies within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN) for Horizon 2030

Metabolism in eco-holonic manufacturing systems based on the living systems theory

The industrial metabolism has been conceived on the basis of analogies about the set of biochemical reactions (anabolism and catabolism) that occur in a living being and their flows of matter, energy and substances in natural ecosystems. This conception determines forms of appropriation and consumption of substances, materials and energy, from the natural environment (natursphere) and the technical environment (technosphere) for their transformation and subsequent elimination, under the articulation of criteria of cyclicity, toxicity and efficiency. The last aim of Industrial Ecology (IE), is materialized when the variety of industrial ecosystems is eco-compatible with the variety of natural ecosystems. The naturalisation of manufacturing systems is an effort to conceive them with variety similar to natural systems in order to achieve their eco-compatibility. In addition to bionic models from natural ecosystems in the field of industrial metabolism, several attempts have been made to design technical systems using bionic models from the Living Systems Theory (LST). The formulation of manufacturing systems based on living systems can be considered as a set of dynamic systems from Bertalanffy's perspective. In this paper is postulated an Eco-Holonic Reference Architecture for its projection in the design of manufacturing systems metabolism with an adaptive, self-regulating and required variety structure and with a potential toolbox in the core knowledge of the holon throughout its life cycl

ADAPTS: An Intelligent Sustainable Conceptual Framework for Engineering Projects

This paper presents a conceptual framework for the optimization of environmental sustainability in engineering projects, both for products and industrial facilities or processes. The main objective of this work is to propose a conceptual framework to help researchers to approach optimization under the criteria of sustainability of engineering projects, making use of current Machine Learning techniques. For the development of this conceptual framework, a bibliographic search has been carried out on the Web of Science. From the selected documents and through a hermeneutic procedure the texts have been analyzed and the conceptual framework has been carried out. A graphic representation pyramid shape is shown to clearly define the variables of the proposed conceptual framework and their relationships. The conceptual framework consists of 5 dimensions; its acronym is ADAPTS. In the base are: (1) the Application to which it is intended, (2) the available DAta, (3) the APproach under which it is operated, and (4) the machine learning Tool used. At the top of the pyramid, (5) the necessary Sensing. A study case is proposed to show its applicability. This work is part of a broader line of research, in terms of optimization under sustainability criteria.Telefónica Chair “Intelligence in Networks” of the University of Seville (Spain

Standardization Framework for Sustainability from Circular Economy 4.0

The circular economy (CE) is widely known as a way to implement and achieve sustainability, mainly due to its contribution towards the separation of biological and technical nutrients under cyclic industrial metabolism. The incorporation of the principles of the CE in the links of the value chain of the various sectors of the economy strives to ensure circularity, safety, and efficiency. The framework proposed is aligned with the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development regarding the orientation towards the mitigation and regeneration of the metabolic rift by considering a double perspective. Firstly, it strives to conceptualize the CE as a paradigm of sustainability. Its principles are established, and its techniques and tools are organized into two frameworks oriented towards causes (cradle to cradle) and effects (life cycle assessment), and these are structured under the three pillars of sustainability, for their projection within the proposed framework. Secondly, a framework is established to facilitate the implementation of the CE with the use of standards, which constitute the requirements, tools, and indicators to control each life cycle phase, and of key enabling technologies (KETs) that add circular value 4.0 to the socio-ecological transition